Gal Viharaya (ancient name
Uttararamaya) is a Buddhist temple located in the
Ancient City of Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka. The temple was built by King Parakramabahu the Great (1153-1186 A.D.).
The site mainly consists of four rock-cut Buddhist sculptures, viz: a standing statue, a reclining statue, two meditating statues. Three of them are of colossal size and lie open to the sky while the fourth statue which is of moderate size, lies sheltered in an excavated cave. Also, an inscription including the Sangha amendments is found inscribed on the rock surface between the standing statue and the cave shrine known as Nisinna-patima Lena. All the monuments are carved on a rock boulder lying south-west to north-east (Fernando, 1960).
The statues are well known among the locals as well as foreigners because of their unique and exquisite workmanship.
History
The site has been identified as the Uttararamaya built by King Parakramabahu the Great. It is located to the north of the city and hence it is suggested that this temple was called at the ancient time Uttararamaya, the northern monastery (Wickaramsinghe, 1990).
The chronicle, Culawamsa reveals that King Parakramabahu the Great had constructed three caves named Vijjadhara Guha (the cave of the spirit of knowledge), Nisinna-patima Lena (the cave of the sitting image), and Nipanna-patima Guha (the cave of the sleeping image) by digging the rock by employing the skilled workmen (Fernando, 1960; Prematilleke, 1966; Wickaramsinghe, 1990; Wickremasinghe, 1928). It records that the first and last caves as Guha (meaning: caves) and the second one as a Lena (also means cave). By considering the way of the words used in the chronicle, scholars such as Rev. Baddegama Wimalawansa and Prof. Chandra Wickramasinghe have identified that the monument which has been carved at the extreme left of the rock boulder as the Vijjadara Guha, to the right of it as the Nisinna-patima Lena and the monument at the extreme right as the Nipanna-patima Guha (Wickaramsinghe, 1990).
In ancient times, all these caves are believed to be repleted with paintings, sculptures, and carvings. The remaining brick foundations indicate that each statue was in separate shrine rooms made of bricks.
The capital of Sri Lanka was shifted from
Polonnaruwa to
Dambadeniya in the 13th century, and after that these monuments were
forgotten until the beginning of the 19th century. The statues came to the notice of Englishmen during the British rule (Wickaramsinghe, 1990).
Vijjadhara Guha
Vijjadhara Guha is the cave located at the extreme left of the rock boulder (Wikramagamage, 2004). A large meditating Buddha statue [15 feet 2.5 inches tall (Devendra, 1956)] surrounded by four other small Buddha figures is found here. The main Buddha is on the ground floor of a three-storied building while the other four Buddhas are in small chambers on the second and third floors (Wikramagamage, 2004).
The statue is in the Dhyana Mudra and seated on a Vajrasana (Fernando, 1960). The base of the seat is adorned with the figures of flowers and lions. Three crossbars are visible on the middle background of the image and their terminals are ending with Makara (dragon) heads (Fernando, 1960). Each of the Makara heads carries lions in their mouths (Wikramagamage, 2004). The top of the seat is arch-shaped and ornamented with open lotuses. Behind the Buddha's head is a beautiful halo.
Nisinna-patima Lena
To the right of the
Vijjadhara Guha is another seated Buddha
image
carved in an excavated cave known as
Nisinna-patima Lena. The image is
about 4 feet 7 inches tall [(Excluding the seat) Devendra, 1956;
Ray, 1960] and has been carved out of
the living rock.
The Buddha is in the Dhyana Mudra and accompanied by two standing
figures bearing chowries. Figures of Brahma and Visnu are also presenting on either side of the head of the Buddha (Fernando, 1960).
Above the Buddha's head is a Chatra of which the underside is visible. The base of the seat of the Buddha is adorned with the figures of flowers and lions. The remaining evidence indicates that the canopy as well as the stone walls of the cave were repleted with paintings. However, presently, only two strips of paintings
are found on the two sides of the entrance of the cave (Wickaramsinghe,
1990).
Nisinna-patima Lena is incorrectly called by many as Vijjadhara cave (Wickaramsinghe, 1990).
Gal Vihara paintings
The paintings found in the
Nisinna-patima Lena belong to the Pallava-Sri Lanka style (Wickaramsinghe, 1990). According to
the opinion of Mrs. Nanda Wickramasinghe, the paintings at Gal Viharaya as well as
Thivanka Pilimage can easily be compared with the South Indian
paintings found at Sittannavasal in Pudukottai and Patamalai in Arcot
South District (Wickaramsinghe, 1990).
Standing image
The standing statue at Gal Viharaya is said to be not in the original plan of King Parakramabahu the Great (Wickaramsinghe, 1990). Therefore, it could be executed by someone else during the same period (Wikramagamage, 2004).
The statue is 22 feet 9 inches tall (Devendra, 1956). It has been carved out of the living rock in high relief and is standing on a lotus base (Prematilleke, 1966). The hands are crossed on the breast and fingers are lightly resting on the mid-upper arms (Devendra, 1956). The body including the left shoulder is covered with the robe but leaving the right shoulder bare. Hair is arranged in curly knots. The posture of the hands is unusual.
According to popular tradition, this is a statue of Ananda Thera, the attendant disciple of the Buddha (Devendra, 1956). But according to another popular opinion, this is a standing statue depicting the Buddha (Prematilleke, 1966).
.
Paranavitana believes that the posture of this statue represents the Buddha in Para-dukkha-dukkhita mudra: The Buddha who is sorrowing for the sorrows of the others (Prematilleke, 1966; Ray, 1960). By providing evidence from the Kandyan era temple paintings, Prematilleke suggests that this position of hands could represent the Buddha performing the Animisalochana-puja (Prematilleke, 1966). According to Wikramagamage, there are five suggestions about the posture of this statue, viz: Para-dukkha-dukkhita, Animisalochana, Swastika, Ratanaghara, and Avadhana (Wikramagamage, 2004).
Several statues and paintings with similar posture have been found from other sites in Sri Lanka, such as from Na-Maluwa in
Ritigala (North-Central Province),
Yatala Vehera in Tissamaharama (Southern Province),
Dambulla, Medawala,
Gangarama,
Lankatilaka,
Bambaragala in Central Province, and Yapahuwa in North Western Province (Devendra, 1956; Prematilleke, 1966;
Ray, 1960).
Nipanna-patima Guha
Next to the standing statue, at the right, is 46 feet 4 inches long (Devendra, 1956) reclining statue depicting the sleeping Buddha (Wikramagamage, 2004). However, another opinion suggests that this statue depicts the Parinibbana (passing away) of the Buddha. According to that opinion, the standing statue nearby is representing a disciple of Buddha, probably Ananda, who is grieving at the demise of his master (Prematilleke, 1966). If it is true, that the standing statue should be included in the same shrine with the reclining Buddha, but old brick wall basements remaining today suggest that these two statues were in separate shrine rooms.
Therefore, this reclining image is definitely called by many as a Nipanna (recumbent) statue (Devendra, 1956). Prof. Chandra Wikramagamage is also in the opinion that this statue depicts the sleeping posture of Buddha.
Two statues are in two different caves and the standing statue has been identified as that of the Buddha with a smile on his lips. The reason for drawing back one leg was to avoid the pain caused by the ankle-bones coming into contact and undoubtedly that must have been the pose that the Buddha adopted whenever he slept. He must have kept the leg in the same position even on the day he passed away so that cannot be taken as a characteristic feature of the parinibbana. This is the sleeping posture of the Buddha, one of the three postures of the Buddha popular in Sri Lanka.
Citation: Wikramagamage, 2004. p.223.
.
Inscription
An inscription known as Katikavata of King Parakramabahu the great is found on the rock face between the standing statue and the cave shrine. It contains the details of the reformation of the Sasana and the code of discipline enforced on the monks.
- Polonnaruwa Gal Vihara Ordinance
Reign : Parakramabahu I (1153-1186 A.D.)
Period : 12th century A.D.
Script : Medieval Sinhala
Language : Medieval Sinhala
Transcript : Apa Budun kalpa catasahasradhika ca(tu)r asamkhya ..........>>
Translation : Our Buddha having fulfilled the exercise of all the thirty ..........>>
Content : Records about an ordinance for the guidance of Buddhist clergy. It has been drafted after a convocation, headed by Maha Kassapa Thera of Udumbaragiri monastery (present Dimbulagala), with the agreement of assembled Sangha.
Reference : Wickremasinghe,1928
The inscription contains 51 lines and its content is divided into two parts: the first part is about the historical introduction and the latter part is about the disciplinary injunctions (Wickremasinghe,1928). It reveals some names of the Buddhist monks involved in the ordinance. Maha Kassapa Thera of Udumbaragiri, Nanapala Thera from Anuradhapura, Nagundapalliya Thera, Moggallana Thera, Nanda Thera of Selantarayatana are some of the names found in the inscription (Wickremasinghe,1928).
A protected site
The Gal Viharaya located in the Sri Nissankamallapura village in the
Divisional Secretary’s Division, Thamankaduwa is an archaeological
protected site, declared by a government
gazette notification published on 4 June 2004.
.
Attribution
1)
Gal Viharaya polonnoruwa 2017-10-17 (2) by
Z thomas is licensed under
CC BY-SA 4.0
2)
Sri Lanka Photo054 by
Psychoslave is licensed under
CC BY-SA 4.0
References
1) Devendra, D.T., 1956. An unusual hand position in Ceylon statuary. Artibus Asiae, 19(2), pp.126-136.
2) Fernando, P.E.E., 1960. Tantric Influence on the Sculptures at Gal Vihara, Polonnaruva. University of Ceylon Review, 18(1), pp.50-66.
3) Prematilleke, L., 1966. The identity and significance of the standing figure at the Gal-vihāra, Polonnaruva, Ceylon. Artibus Asiae, 28(1), pp.61-66.
4) Ray, H. C. (Editor in Chief), 1960. University of Ceylon: History of
Ceylon (Vol 1, part II). Ceylon University Press. pp.604-605.
5) The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. No: 1344. 4 June 2004. p.15.
6) Wikramagamage, C., 2004. Heritage of Rajarata: Major natural, cultural and historic sites: Colombo. Central Bank of Sri Lanka. pp.220-225.
7) Wickremasinghe, D. M. D. Z., 1928. Epigraphia Zeylanica: Being lithic and other inscriptions of Ceylon (Vol, II). Published for the government of Ceylon by Humphrey Milford. pp.256-283.
8) Wickaramsinghe, N., 1990. (Editor in chief: Wijesekara, N.) Section II: Mural paintings: 900 A.D.-1200 A.D..
Archaeological Department Centenary (1890-1990): Commemorative series: Volume V: Painting. Commissioner of Archaeology.
pp.61-63.
Location Map
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